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INDUSTRY INSIGHTS Tips and advice

What to do if AI steals your copyrighted content? 

When an AI company uses copyrighted content to train their models without permission, it raises complex legal and ethical issues. 

Below, we outline steps you can take, though please keep in mind that this is not legal advice. This is a guide on your rights as a copyright holder and recommended steps to protect your intellectual property.

Let’s do a brief analysis of the situation and the possible remedies. 


First, confirm your ownership and gather evidence

Copyright ownership

Make sure you can clearly demonstrate that you own the copyright to the material in question. If you’ve formally registered your copyright (e.g., with a system like Contenseo or with the U.S. Copyright Office), this will help establish your claim.

Identify the infringement

Gather evidence that your content was used to train the AI. Look for:

  • Publicly available datasets that list your content.
  • Direct references to your content in the AI company’s documentation, research papers, or model outputs. Contenseo can help with this. 
  • Generated outputs from the AI model that are nearly identical to your work, which suggests unauthorised use.

Preserve records

Document and store all evidence, including publication dates, URLs, publications, screenshots, or any correspondence related to the potential infringement.


Second, investigate the AI company

Review the company’s transparency

Some AI companies disclose the datasets used to train their models. Search their website, research papers, or public statements for information about training datasets. 

Look for terms like “common crawl,” “publicly available data,” or specific databases that may have included your content.

Check for licenses or agreements: Ensure that you didn’t unknowingly license your content through a platform that might have allowed its use in AI training.


Third, take action to address the issue

Here’s what you can do depending on your goals (e.g., stopping the use of your work, seeking financial compensation, or both):

A. Send a cease and desist letter

  • Write a cease-and-desist letter demanding that the AI company stop using your content immediately and remove it from their training datasets. Contenseo’s AI digital assistant can help you with this. 
  • Outline your ownership of the copyrighted material and explain how the company is infringing on your rights.
  • State the actions you expect (e.g., cessation of use, or compensation) and provide a timeline for compliance.
  • It’s best to consult a lawyer or copyright specialist to draft this letter to ensure legal accuracy and tone.

B. Negotiate a licensing agreement

  • If the company acknowledges that they’ve used your content, you may be able to negotiate a retroactive licensing agreement, which allows them to continue using your work for a fee. Contenseo can also help you with this, just use our contact form.
  • Use this opportunity to set terms, such as ongoing royalties, attribution requirements, or a lump-sum payment.

C. File a DMCA takedown request

  • If your content is hosted on a public platform or dataset (e.g., GitHub, Hugging Face, Kaggle), you may file a DMCA takedown request to have it removed.

D. File a copyright infringement claim

  • If the AI company refuses to cooperate, you may need to escalate by filing a formal copyright infringement lawsuit. A lawyer specialising in intellectual property law can guide you through this process.

Fourth, protect your copyright for future use 

  • Watermark your content: Add visible or invisible watermarks to your work to make unauthorised use more easily detectable. If it is written content, you can secretly watermark the content by adding in only something you know about your subject or your company. 
  • Use copyright management tools: Leverage tools like Contenseo.com, the Copyright Clearance Center or digital rights management (DRM) systems to control and monitor the use of your content.
  • Restrict access: If your content is online, consider implementing licensing requirements, paywalls, or terms of service that explicitly prohibit scraping, reproduction, or unauthorised use. You can register your copyrights on Contenseo.com.

Fifth, seek professional help

Since these steps may involve legal complexities, we recommend consulting an intellectual property lawyer. They can:

  • Assess the strength of your copyright claim.
  • Help you navigate copyright law in your jurisdiction (which may vary).
  • Negotiate directly with the AI company or represent you in legal proceedings.

Sixth, industry advocacy

Finally, consider joining or supporting industry coalitions advocating for ethical AI use and copyright protections. 

As AI continues to evolve, there’s increasing pressure on governments to establish clearer rules for how copyrighted material can be used for training purposes.


A rapidly evolving area

‘While the above outlines practical steps, remember that this is a rapidly evolving area of law,’ says Stephen Conmy, founder of Contenseo.

For now, your best course of action is to collect evidence, enforce your rights through negotiation or legal channels, and seek legal advice from an attorney with expertise in intellectual property and AI. 

If you’d like, we can help you draft a cease-and-desist letter or a content licensing agreement tailored to your situation. Just contact Contenseo and let us know what you need.


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Tips and advice

Unlock the value of your creative works

Unlock the value of your creative works with Contenseo – where copyright protection meets revenue potential.

Protect and earn

Contenseo is an innovative online service designed for content creators and publishers to securely register, protect, and license their creative works. 

Built with content ownership, security, and revenue generation in mind, Contenseo enables creators and publishers to easily manage and monetise their content while protecting their intellectual property.

Key features

  1. Copyright registration
    • Easy registration: Quickly and securely register your content, ensuring each creative work is documented with proof of ownership.
    • Blockchain certification: Receive a digital certificate for each registered work, verifying your copyright ownership and simplifying proof of ownership in case of disputes.
  2. Secure content licensing
    • Flexible licensing options: Choose from various licensing models to suit different needs, allowing copyright holders to maintain control over their content use.
    • End-to-end protection: Each license is legally backed to ensure usage complies with your terms, safeguarding your creative rights across industries, including publishing, business, and AI development.
  3. Revenue generation
    • Residual income: Earn ongoing revenue as businesses, publishers, and AI developers license your work, creating a passive income stream for your creative assets.
    • Transparent payments: Track and manage your earnings in real-time, with clear reports on which licenses are active and generating revenue.
  4. Content dashboard
    • Organised portfolio: View, manage, and update all your registered content from a centralised dashboard, keeping your intellectual property organised and easy to access.
    • Usage insights: Get valuable insights on how your content is being used, including top licenses and usage metrics.
  5. User-friendly interface
    • Guided workflow: Enjoy a smooth experience with intuitive prompts and guides to streamline copyright registration, licensing, and content management.
    • Secure, scalable platform: Benefit from Contenseo’s highly secure, scalable architecture that grows with your portfolio.

How to get started

  1. Create your account
    • Sign up on Contenseo.com with your email or social media account.
  2. Register your content
    • Upload your work by providing links to your content, then follow the prompts to complete the copyright registration process. Once registered, you’ll receive a certificate verifying your ownership.
  3. Set licensing preferences
    • Select licensing options that best suit your goals—whether you want limited, exclusive, or royalty-based licenses.
  4. Start earning
    • When businesses and developers license your content, you begin earning residual revenue. Check your dashboard regularly for income reports and new licensing opportunities.
  5. Manage and track
    • Log in anytime to manage your content portfolio, adjust licenses, and view analytics on content usage and earnings.

From creative studios and independent creators to large-scale publishers, Contenseo adapts to fit your licensing needs, growing alongside you in the ever-evolving content economy.

Stephen Conmy, founder, Contenseo


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Tips and advice

Copyright licensing ‘in urgent need of overhaul’

The current global copyright licensing system is in urgent need of an overhaul. 

According to Stephen Conmy, founder of Contenseo, the process is complex, confusing, and labor-intensive, making it difficult for creators and businesses to access and reuse copyrighted material. 

Conmy and his team at Contenseo have conducted extensive research and gathered feedback from industry leaders to identify the need for a more streamlined system.

The solution lies in creating a digital copyright exchange, where copyright holders and those seeking to reuse their content can easily connect and license their material. 

Contenseo is a single-point-of-access system that aggregates copyright information, allowing users to access the information they need from an intuitive dashboard.

This innovative approach has the potential to drive economic growth across the creative and technology industries. 

By making it easier and more affordable for small and medium-sized businesses to launch new digital services, Contenseo can help create the next Spotify or Netflix. 

Additionally, the service can benefit existing media giants, enabling them to focus on what they do best – creating great content.

‘Confusing and complex’

The current system is plagued by complexity and confusion, making it difficult for licensees and businesses to navigate. 

Aiden Murray, co-founder of Contenseo, notes that licences are often difficult to understand and source, leading to labor-intensive and costly rights clearances. For example, the BBC spends over £10m a year on copyright clearance issues.

Contenseo aims to transform the copyright licensing process by providing a user-friendly system that connects copyright holders with those seeking to reuse their material. 

By streamlining the process, Contenseo can help reduce costs, increase efficiency, and promote innovation in the digital economy.

Good for copyright holders

Conmy says Contenseo will also prove beneficial for existing media giants.

“Contenseo wants to drive economic growth across the world’s creative and technology industries,” he says. 

“Also, if large media companies are doing everything possible to enable and encourage new digital services via easier and more streamlined copyright licensing, then that makes it easier for lawmakers to be even tougher against copyright infringement.”

For more information on how Contenseo simplifies licencing and amplifies revenue, take a few minutes to read this guide.

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Copy what you can – a simple guide to fair use

Fair use is exactly as it sounds: it’s the limited use of copyrighted material done for a small or “transformative” purpose, such as to comment upon, criticise, or parody a copyrighted work. 

Fair use can be done without permission from the copyright owner. 

In other words, fair use is a defence against a claim of copyright infringement. 

If your use qualifies as fair use, it will not be considered an infringement.

Can you give examples of fair use?

Most fair use falls into two categories: 

1: Commentary and criticism

2: Parody

For example, if a journalist writes a book review, they are, under fair use, allowed to quote sections of the book for commentary and criticism. 

When it comes to parody and fair use, the parody is a work that ridicules another, usually well-known work, by imitating it in a comic way. 

Parody inherently requires borrowing from the original work. Unlike other fair uses, parodies are allowed to use a substantial amount of the original to effectively evoke it and deliver their comedic or critical message.

What is ‘transformative’ use?

Transformative use of copyright material is a much trickier subject. 

Transformative fair use is when someone uses copyrighted material to explain or illustrate something that is important to their narrative or story. 

An example of transformative fair use is when a documentary film maker might use images or advertising posters from the past to illustrate the way society was back then, and how society’s thinking has changed. 

Another example of transformative use is when someone samples a very small part of an existing song and builds a ‘new’ song around it. However, such cases often end up in court because the original artist doesn’t agree that the sample is fair use. 

Similar to free speech, the concept of fair use was established with a broad scope. Lawmakers intentionally avoided a rigid definition, allowing for flexibility in interpretation based on specific situations.

In essence, fair use gives users the right to use copyrighted material without permission under certain circumstances. 

If a use is fair, the user need not notify or seek permission from the copyright holder.

The four factors of fair use

In determining whether the use of a work is fair use, the four main factors include:

  1. The purpose and character of the use, i.e. is it of a commercial nature or is it for nonprofit educational purposes?
  2. The nature of the copyrighted work can tip the scales against fair use. Creative works, like novels, paintings, and songs, are at the heart of copyright protection, so their use is generally scrutinised more heavily.
  3. The amount of the copyrighted work used, for example, was a substantial amount used or just a small piece like a quote from a book? In general, the more you use, the less likely your use is to be fair.
  4. The effect of the use on the market for or value of the copyrighted work. For example, is the use of a summary enough to prevent people from buying the full work? The more your use replaces the original work, reducing the need for people to buy it, the less likely it is considered fair use. Uploading a scan of a new bestseller to a public website would be a clear example of this.

Fair use isn’t a simple checklist. Each factor has nuances, and the final call requires weighing them all together to find a fair balance.

What if my use of content isn’t fair use?

If a planned use isn’t a fair use and doesn’t fall within another exception, you can obtain permission from the copyright holder by using a system like Contenseo’s Licence Finder. 

Contenseo’s Licence Finder will find the copyright holder for you, and you can either seek permission or pay an affordable fee for a licence.

Discover more about content licensing

The Licence Finder is a magic weapon
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License your content in a few easy steps

Licensing your content can be a great way to make money from your creative work and share it with a wider audience.

Here are some tips on how to start licensing your work.

Understand your rights

Before licensing your content, make sure that you understand your rights as the creator. Know what you own and what you’re willing to license. “It is vital that the creator understand their rights,” says Stephen Conmy, editorial director at Contenseo.

As a copyright holder, you have several important rights and protections under law.

As a copyright holder, you have the exclusive rights to:

  • Reproduce the work (e.g. make copies)
  • Distribute the work (e.g. sell, give away)
  • Display the work (e.g. publicly display)
  • Perform the work (e.g. play music, show a movie)
  • Create derivative works (e.g. adapt, modify)

With Contenseo you can license your content hassle-free with full peace of mind, knowing your rights are protected.

Identify your target audience

Who do you want to license your content to? Are you targeting businesses, individuals, or both? Understanding your target audience will help you tailor your licensing strategy. 

By understanding your target audience, you can create customised licensing agreements, provide better insight into potential partners, and create trust between both parties.

Simple ways to seek insights into your market include:

  • Analysing website analytics and doing some research
  • Engaging with your audience on social media
  • Conducting surveys or focus groups

By identifying and understanding who you want to license your content you can develop successful partnerships with people who will republish your content.

Choose the right licence and licensing agreement

Picking the right copyright licence is vital when licensing out your content. There are various types of licences, namely:

  • Exclusive licence: You grant the licensee exclusive rights to use your content.
  • Non-exclusive licence: You grant multiple parties the right to use your content.
  • Royalty-free licence: You grant the licensee the right to use your content for a fee, without royalties.
  • Creative Commons licence: You grant the licensee permission to use your content under specific conditions.

Set clear terms and conditions

It’s also vital to set clear terms, conditions and restrictions when licensing out your content. Remember, it’s your content and you will always have rights over it. Common terms and conditions include:

  • Usage rights (e.g., commercial, non-commercial, educational)
  • Territory (e.g., global, specific regions, blacklisted regions)
  • Duration (e.g., perpetual, limited-term)
  • Restrictions (e.g., no modification, no derivative works)

Determine your pricing

Consider issues like your content’s value and competition from similar writers or creators.

“When licensing your content, it’s essential to determine a price that reflects its value and is reasonable for your target audience,” says Conmy.

Consider the following factors:

  1. Content value: The quality, uniqueness, and relevance of your content can impact its value. High-quality content with a wide appeal may command a higher price.
  2. Target audience’s willingness to pay: Understand your target audience’s budget and willingness to pay for content. If they’re budget-conscious, you may need to offer more affordable options.
  3. Competition: Research what others are charging for similar content to ensure your prices are competitive.

You must ensure best practices surrounding payment for content, namely:

  • Transparency: Communicate your pricing and licensing terms clearly to avoid confusion.
  • Flexibility: Be open to negotiating prices or offering discounts for bulk orders or long-term licenses.

By considering these factors and pricing models, you can determine a pricing strategy that balances your content’s value with your target audience’s willingness to pay, ensuring a seamless experience for the licencee (buyer) and creator. 

With Contenseo, you can easily set prices and manage payments when licensing your content.

Keep records

Maintaining accurate records of licensing agreements is essential to ensuring the security and control of your intellectual property. 

It’s important to keep detailed records of the agreement, including the date, parties involved, and terms. 

These should include the type of licence granted, the scope of the licensed work, any restrictions, and the license duration. 

Also, remember to record any fees or payments associated with the licence, as well as the agreement for ending or renewing the licence.

By keeping accurate records of your licencing agreements, you’ll be able to protect your intellectual property rights, prevent unauthorised use, and make informed decisions about licensing and intellectual property management.

With Contenseo, you can easily manage all of your content licensing needs, from finding copyright holders to licensing your content, to keeping track of all agreements and licence terms. 

Find out how to register and protect your content and start licensing today.

Author

Tom Conmy
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Tips and advice

The Licence Finder is a magic weapon

Do you want to grab the attention of potential customers and boost your brand’s visibility?

One effective way to do so is by leveraging high-quality, engaging content from other sources.

This can be achieved through a content licensing agreement, which grants you permission to use content owned by others.

By doing so, you can add fresh and fascinating visuals to your content marketing campaigns, social media, and website, ultimately driving more interest and engagement with your brand.

Find that licence

A broad range of professionals and organisations currently license content from creators and publishers.

These include global publishers, commercial websites, digital and social platforms, news apps, corporate communications departments, educational publications and inbound marketers.

Contenseo’s ‘Licence Finder’ can provide historical and up-to-the-minute access to copyrighted content from the world’s top creators and publishers. 

Licensing high-quality content to delight your audiences 

Users of Contenseo can license (buy and sell) a broad range of content types; from news and sports reporting, business long reads, interviews with thought leaders, political exclusives, celebrity interviews, sports stories, fashion news, and entertainment reviews. 

Licensing content gives you fast access to high-quality, trusted and pre-vetted content that you would normally not be able to afford to commission or create in-house. 

  • Product reviews
  • Thought leadership
  • News you can’t commission
  • Sports reporting you can’t commission
  • Entertainment coverage you need

You can also license reviews of your product or brand 

Hundreds of consumer products are reviewed by established, reputable publishers that employ professionals every year, providing readers with recommendations based on real-life testing by industry experts.

Reputable product reviews from established media companies are unbiased, offering independent advice that people can trust. 

Did you know brands can license the logos of the publishers and written copy to use on promotional and marketing material, to maximise the benefit of this editorial endorsement?

Quotes from impartial reviewers in tech, business, and culture guides are available for marketing and promotional material. 

Earned media is an increasingly impactful way to promote your product or service in conjunction with advertising.

Entertainment licensing

Publishers like newspapers and magazines regularly appear in theatre, TV and film productions, adding content and continuity to a production. 

Historical articles from publishers are often used to give at-a-glance detail to a story and help to set the date, context, and location of a scene. 

Publishers are happy to licence quotes and headlines for use in documentaries and dramas.

Photography for commercial use

If you are interested in commercial licensing of photography, graphics, or illustrations that appear on a website or other platforms, please check the photo credit in the first instance. 

If the credit is to a known agency, please contact them directly. 

For other requests, please use Contenseo’s Licence Finder, which will contact the copyright holder (i.e. the photographer) and alert them that you want to license the image.

Archive requests  

Most publishers actively license their editorial content, going back in time for commercial or academic uses, directly to companies and not-for-profit organisations. 

Publishers will negotiate fees specific to the end-use of the material and the duration of the rights. 

Contenseo’s AI-powered digital assistant can also help you negotiate terms and conditions with proper information.

Content for publishers of all kind

Publishers also license their award-winning journalism to other international publishers, commercial websites, and inbound marketers. 

Articles are available to purchase on an ad hoc basis, by editors and content specialists looking for a unique perspective on a story or a high-profile interview to supplement an issue.

Licensing is also used by inbound marketers and SEO-content specialists, looking for quality content to complement their own.

Timeless images

You can also purchase timeless imagery, framed and often ready to hang, from publishers, who have extensive photo libraries. 

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The terms of a content licence agreement

The most typical terms and conditions contained within a licence agreement are listed below. 

The most important include how you can use the content, what you can’t do with the content and who owns the intellectual property of the content. 

A content licensing agreement outlines the terms between you (the licensee) and the copyright holder (licensor) for using their content.

Key terms in content licensing agreements

A content licensing agreement is a contract that outlines what the licensee can and can’t do when they license a piece of content. The terms typically include:

What you get: The licensor grants you permission to use specific content on your approved platforms for a certain period (usually defined in the term sheet).

How to use the content:

  • You can only publish the content as-is, without any changes.
  • You must attribute the content to the licensor according to their instructions.
  • You can’t use the content in any way that hurts the licensor’s reputation.
  • Don’t try to make it seem like you wrote the content or endorse any products in it.

What you can’t do:

  • Change, copy, translate, or sell the content in any way.
  • Use the content outside of your approved platforms.
  • Use the licensor’s trademarks without permission.

Fees: You’ll pay the licensor a fee as agreed upon in the term sheet.

Termination: This agreement can be terminated by either party under certain conditions, like if you break the rules or the licensor insists you stop using their content.

Additional legal provisions in content licensing agreements

Agreements are usually governed by English law (or US law if your business is in the US). The most important legal variables in content licences are: 

  • The licensor owns all intellectual property rights to the content.
  • Each new agreement supersedes any previous agreements between you and the licensor.
  • You can’t assign the agreement to another party without the licensor’s permission.
  • There are limitations on the licensor’s liability (how much they can be held responsible for issues).

Definitions in a content licence agreement 

There are a few definitions in agreements that you need to know and understand. 

  • Term sheet: A separate document outlining specific details of your agreement with the licensor.
  • Attribution instructions: The licensor’s guidelines on how to credit them for their content.
  • Intellectual property rights: Legal rights protecting things like articles, logos, and inventions.

Contenseo always recommends consulting with a lawyer if you have any questions about content licensing agreements.

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Unlock the power of your copyright: A step-by-step guide

To protect your copyright and make your work available to license, simply use Contenseo’s ‘Licensing as a Service’ – it’s easy-to-install and effective. 

Contenseo’s Licensing as a Service is essentially a ‘licensing department in a box’ solution.

In the simplest of terms, copyright is a legal right that gives the creator of something creative control over how their work is used.

Copyright grants the owner exclusive rights, such as the right to:

  • Reproduce the work
  • Produce derivative works (like republishing a book with edits)
  • Distribute copies of the work
  • Display the work publicly
  • Perform the work publicly (for content like music or plays)

Copyright protection lasts for a set amount of time, typically the creator’s life plus a number of years (70 years in most countries). 

After that time, the work enters the public domain and can be freely used.The purpose of copyright is to strike a balance: Copyrights incentivise creators by giving them control over their work and potentially earning extra revenue.

To protect your copyrights and make them available to license, simply use Contenseo’s ‘Licensing as a Service’. It’s simple, secure and effective. 

What is copyright law?

Copyright law is a legal concept that defines and protects the rights of creators of original works.

It essentially establishes the rules of the game for creative ownership. 

Here’s a breakdown of copyright law:

Scope of protection

It covers a wide range of creative expressions, including literary works (books, articles, poems), artistic works (paintings, sculptures, photographs), music, movies, software, and architectural designs.

Rights granted

Copyright law grants the copyright holder a bundle of exclusive rights, including the right to:

  • Reproduce the work: This means controlling how the work is copied, whether physically or digitally.
  • Create derivative works: This includes making adaptations, translations, or modifications of the original work.
  • Distribute copies: This covers selling, renting, lending, or giving away copies of the work.
  • Display the work publicly: This applies to visual works like paintings or sculptures.
  • Perform the work publicly: This is relevant for works like music, plays, or films.

Fair use

Copyright law, however, isn’t absolute. 

There’s a concept called ‘fair use‘ that allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission for purposes like criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. 

However, fair use is a complex area and what constitutes fair use can depend on the specific situation.

Length of protection

Copyright protection lasts for a specific period. 

The exact duration varies depending on the jurisdiction, but it typically lasts for the creator’s lifetime plus a number of years (70 years in most countries). 

After this time, the work enters the public domain and can be freely used.

Enforcement of copyright law 

Copyright law provides legal recourse for copyright holders if their rights are infringed upon. This can involve things like lawsuits, injunctions, and damages.

Understanding copyright law is important for both creators and users of creative works.

For creators, copyright law protects their work and allows them to control how it’s used and potentially earn revenue from it.

For licencees (buyers), copyright law helps them understand what they can and can’t do with copyrighted material and avoid infringing on someone else’s rights.

What is copyright infringement?

Copyright infringement happens when someone uses a work, without permission from the copyright holder. 

Copyright gives the creator exclusive rights to control how their work is used, and infringement is a violation of those rights.

Copyright infringement means the exclusive rights of the copyright holder are violated.

Copyright infringement occurs when someone exercises one of the copyright holder’s exclusive rights without permission. These rights include things like:

  • Reproducing the work (copying it)
  • Distributing copies of the work (selling, renting, lending)
  • Creating derivative works (adaptations, translations)
  • Publicly displaying the work (visual works like paintings)
  • Publicly performing the work (music, plays, films)

Examples of copyright infringement

Downloading music illegally, publishing a photograph without permission, copying software without a license, republishing an article without consent, or selling counterfeit goods that use a copyright trademark are all examples of infringement.

Copyright infringement can have legal consequences. 

Copyright holders can sue infringers for damages and injunctive relief (to prevent future infringement).

Fair use is an important exception regarding copyright infringement 

There’s a legal doctrine called ‘fair use’ that allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission for purposes like criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. 

However, fair use is a complex area, and what constitutes fair use depends on the specific situation. For example, what is the purpose and character of the use? Is it for transformative purposes like criticism or commentary, or is it purely commercial?

What is the nature of the copyrighted work? Is it creative or factual? Published or unpublished?

What amount and substantiality of the portion were used? How much of the original work is being used? Is it the heart of the work?

And what effect will the use have on the potential market? Will it hurt the market for the original work?

If you’re in doubt about whether your use of copyrighted material falls under fair use, it’s always best to consult with a lawyer or copyright expert.

How can I prevent copyright infringement?

The safest way to use copyrighted material is to get permission from the copyright holder. 

This could involve contacting the creator directly or obtaining a license through a copyright licensing system like Contenseo.

It’s a good general rule to assume that any creative work you encounter online or offline is copyrighted.

Copyright protection arises automatically when a work is created, so there’s no need for a formal registration symbol (©) for it to be protected.

Can I serve a take down notice for copyright breaches? 

Only the copyright holder or their authorised agent can legally submit a takedown notice.

Takedown notices are based on the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) in the US, and similar laws may exist in other countries. The DMCA takedown process allows copyright holders to notify online service providers (websites, platforms) about infringing content and request its removal.

Read more

Chilling Effects – DMCA Takedown Guide